Developing Discerning Spirits Or One Might Say The Spirit Of Truth And Error
Sunday, April 07, 2002
This morning I certainly hope that you all have your bibles with you as I will be using quite a lot of scripture in my sermon.
Let’s turn if you will to,
1 John 4:1-6
Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the world.
2 Hereby know ye the Spirit of God: Every spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God:
3 And every spirit that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is not of God: and this is that spirit of antichrist, whereof ye have heard that it should come; and even now already is it in the world.
4 Ye are of God, little children, and have overcome them: because greater is he that is in you, than he that is in the world.
5 They are of the world: therefore speak they of the world, and the world heareth them.
6 We are of God: he that knoweth God heareth us; he that is not of God heareth not us. Hereby know we the spirit of truth, and the spirit of error.
I remember a fellow saying: "Don’t believe anything you hear and only half of what you see!"
I was only a teenager when I heard this bit of wisdom from a heart that had grown cynical.
However cynical the person who spoke these words, I realized there was some truth to his words.
There is reason for healthy skepticism.
One of the reasons is that we are dealing with the spirit world which none of us knows too much about.
The second reason is that we are in the Devil’s territory.
The Bible warns us against believing everything we hear because there are many false prophets gone out into the world.
Too many of God’s children have never developed discerning minds.
They don’t discriminate.
They judge what is said by how it makes them feel rather than truth.
How do you know when someone is telling the truth?
A lie, to some people seems to no longer to be a lie.
Of course, a great many other things seem to be what people want them to be as well.
We will try to avoid getting into them this morning.
But our question still remains.
How do you determine what is true?
And when it comes to religion or Christian experience, then the question becomes vital.
You see, if we do not have an ability to discern the truth from the error, we will quickly be led astray into something other than true Christianity.
There have always been plenty of people teaching different things.
There has certainly been no shortage of those who claim to speak for God.
There are many different denominations, religious movements, cults, and "isms" of all kinds.
How do you sort them all out?
How do you evaluate all of the claims?
In answering these questions, many people take one of two extremes.
The first is that some evaluate religious truth based solely on intellectual and academic considerations.
In other words, for something to be true it must pass all of the theological tests of accepted scholarship.
This is one approach.
The other extreme applies a purely subjective approach to evaluating what is true.
In other words, if something feels right it must be true.
If it speaks to my heart, God is in it.
If I feel the Spirit, that is enough to verify something as from God.
I say that these two approaches are extremes because each excludes the other.
Each needs the other, however.
In fact, they are really complimentary to each other.
The first taken alone often produces a dead orthodoxy.
We may be right, but we are dead right – we have truth that is not energized by the Spirit.
On the other hand, the second approach often produces a gullible person easily led astray into error.
What is perceived as the life of the Spirit may simply be the effect of someone playing on our emotions.
Or it may be that we are in an emotional condition that lends itself to manipulation.
We need both approaches in balance in order to evaluate what is true.
We want the life of the Spirit. We want more than cold logic.
Indeed, we must have more.
Christianity without the life of the Spirit is not true Christianity at all.
On the other hand, the Spirit never leads in contradiction to the revealed word.
So we should seek the activity of the Spirit in concert with the word.
And we should never hesitate to evaluate everything by the word to determine whether the apparent life of the Spirit is in fact the true life of the Spirit.
My belief is that since we are indwelt by the Holy Spirit, no improvement can be made on that arrangement.
I think that we need to put the emphasis upon the ministry of the Holy Spirit in our hearts and in our lives.
Let us read again in,
1 John 4:1-3
Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the world.
2 Hereby know ye the Spirit of God: Every spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God:
3 And every spirit that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is not of God: and this is that spirit of antichrist, whereof ye have heard that it should come; and even now already is it in the world.
John begins with a warning about the false spirits in the world.
Keep in mind that the New Testament was not yet completed and what had been written was not widely known; until the completion of the New Testament, the local churches depended on the ministry of people with spiritual gifts to teach them truth.
This left them open to those who would claim to be speaking by the Spirit of God but weren’t.
So John issues a stern warning about false teachers.
We Must Test the Spirits. John urges us to test the spirits.
Behind every teacher is a spirit.
The question is, Does the Spirit of God or an evil spirit lead this teacher or person?
Before we trust anyone, we must test the spirit of that person.
This means that we must examine and scrutinize what is taught or said.
In other words, we are urged to have a healthy skepticism.
As Christians, we should not be gullible.
We should not believe everything that comes along claiming to be from God.
“Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try [prove] the spirits whether they are of God.”
This attitude is encouraged throughout the Scriptures.
John 18:36-38
36 Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence.
37 Pilate therefore said unto him, Art thou a king then? Jesus answered, Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice.
38 Pilate saith unto him, What is truth? And when he had said this, he went out again unto the Jews, and saith unto them, I find in him no fault at all.
Many claim to teach the truth; therefore we must examine what they say. Moses encourages us to test the prophets.
Deuteronomy 18:17-22
17 And the LORD said unto me, They have well spoken that which they have spoken.
18 I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him.
19 And it shall come to pass, that whosoever will not hearken unto my words which he shall speak in my name, I will require it of him.
20 But the prophet, which shall presume to speak a word in my name, which I have not commanded him to speak, or that shall speak in the name of other gods, even that prophet shall die.
21 And if thou say in thine heart, How shall we know the word which the LORD hath not spoken?
22 When a prophet speaketh in the name of the LORD, if the thing follow not, nor come to pass, that is the thing which the LORD hath not spoken, but the prophet hath spoken it presumptuously: thou shalt not be afraid of him.
Deuteronomy 13:1-4
If there arise among you a prophet, or a dreamer of dreams, and giveth thee a sign or a wonder,
2 And the sign or the wonder come to pass, whereof he spake unto thee, saying, Let us go after other gods, which thou hast not known, and let us serve them;
3 Thou shalt not hearken unto the words of that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams: for the LORD your God proveth you, To know whether ye love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul.
4 Ye shall walk after the LORD your God, and fear him, and keep his commandments, and obey his voice, and ye shall serve him, and cleave unto him.
When Paul went into Berea, he preached Jesus as the Messiah from the Old Testament Scriptures. The Bereans examined Paul’s teaching by looking into Old Testament Scriptures.
Acts 17:11-12
11 These were more noble than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness of mind, and searched the scriptures daily, whether those things were so.
12 Therefore many of them believed; also of honourable women which were Greeks, and of men, not a few.
God is not encouraging a contentious spirit, but rather a search for truth.
1 Thessalonians 5:16-23
16 Rejoice evermore. 17 Pray without ceasing.
18 In every thing give thanks: for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus concerning you.
19 Quench not the Spirit. 20 Despise not prophesyings.
21 Prove all things; hold fast that which is good.
22 Abstain from all appearance of evil.
23 And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.
We must make certain that we follow in the apostle’s doctrine.
Acts 2:40-42
40 And with many other words did he testify and exhort, saying, Save yourselves from this untoward generation.
41 Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls.
42 And they continued steadfastly in the apostles’ doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers.
Even the apostles recognized the apostles teaching.
2 Peter 3:15-18
15 And account that the longsuffering of our Lord is salvation; even as our beloved brother Paul also according to the wisdom given unto him hath written unto you;
16 As also in all his epistles, speaking in them of these things; in which are some things hard to be understood, which they that are unlearned and unstable wrest, as they do also the other scriptures, unto their own destruction.
17 Ye therefore, beloved, seeing ye know these things before, beware lest ye also, being led away with the error of the wicked, fall from your own steadfastness.
18 But grow in grace, and in the knowledge of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. To him be glory both now and for ever. Amen.
So we too, must recognize the teaching of the apostles.
1 Corinthians 14:37-38
37 If any man think himself to be a prophet, or spiritual, let him acknowledge that the things that I write unto you are the commandments of the Lord.
38 But if any man be ignorant, let him be ignorant.
We should not believe everything that comes along claiming to be from God.
John says to us: Dear friends, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God.
Now, there are some who do not believe that it is ever proper to evaluate spiritual experiences at all.
In their minds, to do so would be to demean the experience.
Many people do not believe that we have the capacity to understand true spiritual experiences and therefore should not even try to do so.
But this is not the biblical view.
The biblical view is stated here by John.
It is that we have a responsibility to do some thoughtful evaluation.
We are to put our experiences to a test.
Apparently, God is not concerned in the least that true spiritual experiences will not pass the test.
On the contrary, He knows that they will.
That is why we are encouraged to not believe every spirit.
We should have a healthy skepticism.
And the reason for this healthy skepticism is clear.
As John goes on to say, it is because many false prophets have gone out into the world.
He tells us that there are many false prophets out there, and we need to be on our guard.
There are many who are speaking in the name of God, but they are not of God.
God did not send them and they are not speaking His word.
Throughout church history there are many illustrations of this.
But you do not have to go back very far to find contemporary illustrations of this.
The two most notable in recent memory are David Koresh and Jim Jones.
Both deceived many people.
Both claimed to speak for God.
In fact, David Koresh claimed to be the Messiah.
Both situations also ended in tragedy.
But these kinds of things do show us how powerful the lie can be.
They also show us how gullible people can be.
We can be misled. We can sincerely believe a lie.
I have no doubt that many, if not most, of their followers sincerely believed in what they were doing.
But they were sincerely wrong.
And we must be on our guard lest we be deceived as well.
So what are we to do?
As believers we are warned to put on the whole armor of God because we are in a gigantic battle which is beyond the flesh, a battle that is a spiritual battle.
Paul writes in Ephesians 6:12, “For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places.”
As this verse suggests, the Devil had his demons pretty well organized.
Well, it seems clear that we must have some method by which we can evaluate those who claim to speak for God and what is spoken by them.
And this is what John gives us.
He reveals to us what is the true key for evaluating truth and error.
Christ Is the Key
John says spirits are tested by what they believe about Jesus Christ.
Those who have the Spirit of God proclaim that Jesus came in the flesh.
John taught that Christ came in the flesh. In the first verses of 1 John, John says we have heard him, seen him and touched him with our hands.
John proclaimed a Jesus that was real.
What John is saying is that everything centers around the person of Christ.
1 John 4:2-3
2 Hereby know ye the Spirit of God: Every spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God:
3 And every spirit that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is not of God: and this is that spirit of antichrist, whereof ye have heard that it should come; and even now already is it in the world.
John 1:12-14
12 But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name:
13 Which were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God.
13 And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth.
John 8:24
24 I said therefore unto you, that ye shall die in your sins: for if ye believe not that I am he, ye shall die in your sins.
John says spirits are tested by the viewpoints they teach.
False prophets are from the world and they teach the world’s viewpoint.
1 John 4:4-5
4 Ye are of God, little children, and have overcome them: because greater is he that is in you, than he that is in the world.
5 They are of the world: therefore speak they of the world, and the world heareth them.
Some say, "I believe in Jesus, but I do not believe he was born of a virgin."
Some say, "I believe in the man Jesus, but I do not believe he was the Son of God."
Others say, "I believe in the historical Jesus, but I do not believe in the eternal Jesus."
Still others say, "I believe in Jesus, but I do not believe he was who he claimed to be."
All of these attitudes are antichrist attitudes.
We must believe in the Jesus of scripture or we do not believe in Jesus at all.
We must test what we believe with a few simple questions.
What does it mean to believe in Jesus?
Can I believe in Jesus without believing what he teaches?
Can I believe in Jesus without embracing the principles he taught?
The spirit of this world guides the false prophets to teach a worldly wisdom.
1 Corinthians 1:18-21
18 For the preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness; but unto us which are saved it is the power of God.
19 For it is written, I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and will bring to nothing the understanding of the prudent.
20 Where is the wise? where is the scribe? where is the disputer of this world? hath not God made foolish the wisdom of this world?
21 For after that in the wisdom of God the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that believe.
The Spirit of God guided the apostles to teach the wisdom of God.
1 Corinthians 2:7-16
7 But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory:
8 Which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory.
9 But as it is written, Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love him.
10 But God hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit: for the Spirit searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of God.
11 For what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which is in him? even so the things of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit of God.
12 Now we have received, not the spirit of the world, but the spirit which is of God; that we might know the things that are freely given to us of God.
13 Which things also we speak, not in the words which man’s wisdom teacheth, but which the Holy Ghost teacheth; comparing spiritual things with spiritual.
14 But the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God: for they are foolishness unto him: neither can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned.
15 But he that is spiritual judgeth all things, yet he himself is judged of no man.
16 For who hath known the mind of the Lord, that he may instruct him? But we have the mind of Christ.
True Spirits listen to apostles and false spirits refuse to listen to the apostles.
1 John 4:6
6 We are of God: he that knoweth God heareth us; he that is not of God heareth not us. Hereby know we the spirit of truth, and the spirit of error.
Today we test the spirits as we compare what they teach to what Christ teaches through the Word of God.
2 John 9-11
9 Whosoever transgresseth, and abideth not in the doctrine of Christ, hath not God. He that abideth in the doctrine of Christ, he hath both the Father and the Son.
10 If there come any unto you, and bring not this doctrine, receive him not into your house, neither bid him God speed:
11 For he that biddeth him God speed is partaker of his evil deeds.
Christ is the key.
What a person believes concerning Christ will tell you a tremendous amount about them and their theology.
Christ is the sum and the substance of theology!
In other words, Christ is the central focus of all that God has done, is doing, and is going to do!
He is the central focus of all the Scriptures!
The Old Testament points toward Him!
And the New Testament points to Him!
He is foreshadowed in the Old, and revealed in the New!
In the Old, He is seen in symbol and type and in the New, He is revealed as the reality behind it all.
The Gospel message is a message about Christ.
And the central truths concerning Christ are essential to the Christian faith.
If your beliefs concerning Christ are not right, your faith is wrong.
His birth, life, death, resurrection, and Second Coming are all vitally important truths.
In His birth we see His deity.
He was born of a virgin.
It was divinity uniting with humanity that produced Jesus Christ.
He was not a mere mortal man!
He was the divine God-Man!
What you believe about His birth matters!
In His life we see His righteousness!
He never committed a single sin!
He did not sin in word, thought, or deed!
He was spotless!
He was perfect!
His life testifies to His purity!
It also testifies to His claim to be the Son of God!
His miracles were divine attestations of His divine power!
What you believe about His life matters!
In His death we see His substitutionary sacrifice on our behalf.
On the Cross He paid the penalty for our sins.
He died there as one without any sin.
Because of that, He could die for our sins.
In His death He paid the penalty for our sins.
He died in your place. He bore our sins.
What you believe about His death matters.
In His resurrection we see the authentication of His claims.
We see the hand of almighty God.
Jesus’ resurrection proves that He was and is who He said He was.
His resurrection proves that He is way, the truth, and the life.
What you believe about His resurrection matters.
And in His Second Coming we will one day see the fulfillment of His promise to receive us into Heaven’s glory.
It is our blessed hope.
It gives us encouragement as we face the difficulties of this life.
What you believe about His return matters.
What you believe about Christ is vitally important.
John says that it is a key to recognizing the Spirit of God.
You see, the Spirit of God will always testify to Jesus Christ.
The Spirit of God will point to Christ.
The Spirit of God will reveal Christ.
The Spirit of God will exalt Christ.
The Spirit of God will lead people to Christ.
We must beware when Christ is not exalted.
We must beware when other things besides Christ are the prominent features of any teaching.
Christ is the key.
Greater is he that is in you, than he that is in the world.
John concludes this section of Scripture with some pretty strong encouragement for us as Christians.
You, dear children, are from God and have overcome them, because the one who is in you is greater than the one who is in the world.
He is telling us that we have power over these false prophets and false teachers.
We have power over them because of the one who lives in us.
And the one who lives in us is greater than the one who is in world.
Of course, the one who lives in us is Jesus Christ Himself.
And the one who lives in the world is the enemy of Christ, Satan.
There is a little chorus that is based on the King James Version of this Scripture, entitled "Greater Is He That Is In You."
Christ lives in us. He is greater than His enemy.
The power of God abides in us.
The truth of God abides in us.
The life of God abides in us.
The wisdom of God abides in us.
The love of God abides in us.
Everything that God is abides in us.
So we can be encouraged in our attempt to understand what is true that God will reveal the truth to us.
John goes on to say: They are from the world and therefore speak from the viewpoint of the world, and the world listens to them.
We are from God, and whoever knows God listens to us; but whoever is not from God does not listen to us.
This is how we recognize the Spirit of truth and the spirit of falsehood.
What John is saying here is that Christians have a common fellowship around the truth.
In other words, those born of God listen to each other and hear the voice of God speaking through one another.
On the other hand, those who are of the world do not listen to those who are from God.
Those who are of the world are not even able to understand the truth of God.
It does not fit with their worldview.
The Bible teaches us that their minds are darkened.
It takes the Holy Spirit of God to reveal the truth of God to their minds so they can understand it.
John tells us that we can discern what is true and what is false by understanding this.
So, as Christians we are to have a healthy skepticism concerning what we hear that claims to be from God.
Does it line up with God’s revealed word?
Does it exalt Christ?
Does it teach the truths concerning Christ that we find in the Scripture?
Does it point to Christ or to some lesser goal?
Does it bring us the redemptive life of Christ that will result in His love, grace, and mercy being reflected in our lives?
These are all-important tests to apply.
May God give us the grace and the boldness to apply them to everything.
And may God give us all the strength to fight the devil and be able to hold up each and every day of our life.
The Test of Christian Love
It seems as though John is changing the subject from false spirits to love, but John says love it the mark of those who have the Spirit of God.
Love motivates those who have the Spirit of God.
The test of love should be given to all the false prophets.
1 John 4:7-8
7 Beloved, let us love one another: for love is of God; and every one that loveth is born of God, and knoweth God.
8 He that loveth not knoweth not God; for God is love.
The test for truth goes beyond cold hard logic. Truth dished out through cold hard logic without love is also void of truth. The church at Ephesus had lost its first love although she did embrace the truth.
Revelation 2:1-5
Unto the angel of the church of Ephesus write; These things saith he that holdeth the seven stars in his right hand, who walketh in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks;
2 I know thy works, and thy labour, and thy patience, and how thou canst not bear them which are evil: and thou hast tried them which say they are apostles, and are not, and hast found them liars:
3 And hast borne, and hast patience, and for my name’s sake hast laboured, and hast not fainted.
4 Nevertheless I have somewhat against thee, because thou hast left thy first love.
5 Remember therefore from whence thou art fallen, and repent, and do the first works; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will remove thy candlestick out of his place, except thou repent.
Today we test the spirits by observing how they exemplify the love of Christ.
John 14:15-21
15 If ye love me, keep my commandments.
16 And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter, that he may abide with you for ever;
17 Even the Spirit of truth; whom the world cannot receive, because it seeth him not, neither knoweth him: but ye know him; for he dwelleth with you, and shall be in you.
18 I will not leave you comfortless: I will come to you.
19 Yet a little while, and the world seeth me no more; but ye see me: because I live, ye shall live also.
20 At that day ye shall know that I am in my Father, and ye in me, and I in you.
21 He that hath my commandments, and keepeth them, he it is that loveth me: and he that loveth me shall be loved of my Father, and I will love him, and will manifest myself to him.
Christ love motivates us to love others while the world’s viewpoint of love is self-centered.
1 John 2:15-17
15 Love not the world, neither the things that are in the world. If any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him.
16 For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life, is not of the Father, but is of the world.
17 And the world passeth away, and the lust thereof: but he that doeth the will of God abideth for ever.
Little of what our modern society calls "love" resembles the love of God. We define immorality by calling it "making love." This kind of love rejects God and uses others for its own selfish ends. This kind of worldly love led Eve to deceive Adam for her personal selfish purposes.
Those speaking the truth seek to love others as God loves them.
Those who exemplify God’s love have God’s Spirit living in them.
1 John 4:9-16
9 In this was manifested the love of God toward us, because that God sent his only begotten Son into the world, that we might live through him.
10 Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins.
11 Beloved, if God so loved us, we ought also to love one another.
12 No man hath seen God at any time. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us.
13 Hereby know we that we dwell in him, and he in us, because he hath given us of his Spirit.
14 And we have seen and do testify that the Father sent the Son to be the Saviour of the world.
15 Whosoever shall confess that Jesus is the Son of God, God dwelleth in him, and he in God.
16 And we have known and believed the love that God hath to us. God is love; and he that dwelleth in love dwelleth in God, and God in him.
Love is a true test of those who claim to speak the truth.
Romans 5:5
5 And hope maketh not ashamed; because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost which is given unto us.
True love for God and others will never allow anyone to teach something contrary to his Word.
True love is proof that we know God.
Anyone who claims to know God but refuses to love as he loves is a false prophet.
1 John 4:17-21
17 Herein is our love made perfect, that we may have boldness in the day of judgment: because as he is, so are we in this world.
18 There is no fear in love; but perfect love casteth out fear: because fear hath torment. He that feareth is not made perfect in love.
19 We love him, because he first loved us.
20 If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar: for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen, how can he love God whom he hath not seen?
21 And this commandment have we from him, That he who loveth God love his brother also.
False teachers encourage us to walk the path of sin and self-destruction because there is no love in their hearts for the truth.
Truth can only come from hearts that love us as God loves us.
To intentionally teach someone error is the same as hatred.
Do those who teach you, love you or hate you?
Conclusion:
When Jesus ascended into heaven, he sent the Spirit of truth to lead and guide the apostles.
John 14:6
6 Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me.
John 14:15-17
15 If ye love me, keep my commandments.
16 And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter, that he may abide with you for ever;
17 Even the Spirit of truth; whom the world cannot receive, because it seeth him not, neither knoweth him: but ye know him; for he dwelleth with you, and shall be in you.
John 16:13
13 Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he will guide you into all truth: for he shall not speak of himself; but whatsoever he shall hear, that shall he speak: and he will shew you things to come.
John 14:26
26 But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you.
John 17:17
17 Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth.
