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Romans 4: 9Does this blessedness then come upon the circumcised only, or upon the uncircumcised also? For we say that faith was accounted to Abraham for righteousness. 10How then was it accounted? While he was circumcised, or uncircumcised? Not while circumcised, but while uncircumcised. 11And he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith which he had while still uncircumcised, that he might be the father of all those who believe, though they are uncircumcised, that righteousness might be imputed to them also, 12and the father of circumcision to those who not only are of the circumcision, but who also walk in the steps of the faith which our father Abraham had while still uncircumcised.”
Paul now is bringing the argument to a close with the conclusion that Abraham then is in fact the father of both the uncircumcised and the circumcised. The reality is that Abraham is the father of all true believers who place their faith in Yeshua Hamasriach. There is only one important question, the Jew, Paul says must not rely on circumcision but must follow in the footsteps of Abraham and on the journey of faith. This conclusion has some extradionary features. The order in which it is sated suggests that Abraham is in the first place the father of believing Gentiles, since he believed and had the credit of righteousness before he was circumcised and then became the father of believing Jews as well once he was circumcised. Paul is not an advocate of the notion that Abraham can become the father of Gentiles only if they become proselytes, follow the Law and presumably are also circumcised. Paul has already whence argued in chapters 3 and will reiterate in 9:6-13 that the true Jew, the one who is really the descendant of Abraham is one who has faith in that way follows Abraham.
Circumcision is merely the sign from whence we can understand. Righteousness comes through faith because in Genesis 17:11 it is used as a sign yet in Jubilees 15:16 that Gentiles lack the sign on his body that he belongs to the Lord. Paul is using deliberately, the message of a seal here to say something further or a bit different than just a sign. Paul uses “Seal” (sphragis) of a “confirmation” (1 Cor 9;2). Abraham is not used to keep people bondaged to the Law for Abraham knew his obligation to keep the Law in order to be righteous, for Paul then he refers back to his faith and his righteousness through faith. Circumcision then is a confirming of a preexisting condition which can be seen by the clear presentation of Paul’s argument.
The issue becomes more important when we understand in light of Galatians what Paul is implying here. Circumcision is an issue connected to Abraham’s story when it does not appear that the issues are the same as they are in Rome as they were in Galatia, where there were Judaizers? The Judaizer wished to keep the Gentiles bound by the intent of the Law which was to lead one to freedom in Christ, which is why Paul so strongly rebukes Peter for encouraging this line of teaching would have lead to prevision of the Gospel truth which was presented to Peter in Acts 10 in relation to the Gospel for the Gentiles, then later affirmed by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem.
The answers have something to do with the fact that early Jews associated the origins of the practice of circumcision on the 8th day with the Abraham story (Gen 17:1-27). Circumcision was believed in some circles to give access to heaven or the messianic kingdom (Jubilees 15:31-33). Witherington hits it on the head, “It was no mere ritual, and in any case it came to be seen as the sign of both the Abrahamic and the Mosaic covenants. This being the case, it appears that in early Judaism, a good deal of the thinking about the Mosaic covenant was amalgamated with or read back into the story of Abraham. Paul however is attempting to distinguish these covenants and to suggest significance to circumcision that confirms rather than takes precedent over, Abraham being counted as righteous through faith.”
Paul realizes that the questions that are going to be raised on his intreptation of Genesis 15 but addresses these in verses 13-25 along the way, introducing a second part of the Abraham story. In v. 13 Paul contends is was not because of the Law for the promise was that the whole world through him would be blessed. Yet Paul is referring back to Gen 22:17-18 that all the nations of the world will be blessed through Abraham’s seed. Some in Judaism wished to take this in the broad sense to include the whole world with an end times focus yet Paul follows the tradition in v.13 to determine who an heir of Abraham is and why is to say who has a place in the world to come and how is that they do. “It is also the case, however, that Paul is making clear that Gentiles are saved in the same way as Abraham, which is to say that it has a Jewish precedent. He will go on to argue that Gentiles have been grafted into a Jewish tree known as the people of God. The idea is to take the air out of the Gentile balloon, and not just the Jewish balloon, when it comes to ethnocentric preening and assumptions of superiority or precedence as God’s favorites.” (Byrne, Romans, p.143).
Paul knew what his Jewish readers would be thinking: If Abraham was justified by his faith alone, why did God command him and his descendants to be circumcised? His response not only answers those concerned with circumcision, but the millions who still cling to some other kind of religious ceremony or activity as the basis for righteousness. Circumcised: This refers to Jews (Gen 17:10-14; Acts 15:19-29; Romans 2:25-29; 4:11; Gal 5:1-4; 6:12; Phil 3:2-5). Uncircumcised: Refers to all Gentiles (2:25-29).
Not while..but while uncircumcised: The chronology of Genesis proves paul’s case. Abraham was 86 when Ishmael was born (Gen 16:!6), and Abraham was 99 when he was circumcised. But God declared him righteous before Ishmael had even been conceived (Gen 15:6; 16:2-4).-at least 14 years before Abraham’s circumcision. The father of all those who believe: Racially, Abraham is the father of all Jews (circumcised); spiritually, he is the father of both believing Jews (v.12) and believing Gentiles (uncircumcised; v.11; 4:16; Gal 3:29. Sign: This indicates man’s need for spiritual cleansing (2:28-29; Jer 4:3-4; 9:24-26) and of the covenant relationship between God and His people (Gen 17:11). Seal: An outward demonstration of the righteousness God had credited to him by faith.
Abraham is the father both of the uncircumcised who believe as well as of the circumcised who believe. Circumcision was a sign and seal. As a sign it pointed to the fact that Abraham possessed righteousness, and as a seal it verified that Abraham was righteous. Technically, circumcision was a sign and a seal of the covenant that God gave Abraham for the land. But God would not make a covenant with one who was not righteous. Note that the conditional promises of Gen 12:1-3 becomes an unconditional covenant in Gen 15:18. God declared His unconditional covenant with Abraham after declaring him righteous because of his belief (15:6).
Circumcision was a sign to others and a personal seal for certification for the Jews that they were God’s special people. Circumcision of all Jewish boys set apart the Jewish people from the nations that worshiped other gods; thus, it was a very important ceremony. God gave the blessing and the command for this ceremony to Abraham (Genesis 17:9-14).
Rituals did not earn any reward for Abraham; he had been blessed long before the circumcision ceremony was introduced. Abraham found favor with God by faith alone, before he was circumcised. Genesis 12:1-3 tells of God’s call to Abraham he was 75 years old; the circumcision ceremony was introduced when he was 99 (Gen 17:1-14). Ceremonies and rituals serve as reminders f our faith as well as instruct new or young believers But we should not think that they give us any special merit before God. They are outward signs and seals that demonstrate inner belief and trust. The focus of our faith should be on Christ and his saving work, not on our own actions.
Pastor David Jenkins
